\documentclass[reqno]{amsart}
\usepackage{hyperref}

\AtBeginDocument{{\noindent\small
\emph{Electronic Journal of Differential Equations},
Vol. 2011 (2011), No. 166, pp. 1--8.\newline
ISSN: 1072-6691. URL: http://ejde.math.txstate.edu or http://ejde.math.unt.edu
\newline ftp ejde.math.txstate.edu}
\thanks{\copyright 2011 Texas State University - San Marcos.}
\vspace{9mm}}

\begin{document}
\title[\hfilneg EJDE-2011/166\hfil Positive nondecreasing solutions]
{Positive nondecreasing solutions for a multi-term fractional-order
 functional differential equation with integral conditions}

\author[A. M. A. El-Sayed, E. O. Bin-Taher \hfil EJDE-2011/166\hfilneg]
{Ahmed M. A. El-Sayed, Ebtisam O. Bin-Taher}

\address{Ahmed M. A El-Sayed \newline
Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt}
\email{amasayed5@yahoo.com, amasayed@hotmail.com}

\address{Ebtisam O. Bin-Taher \newline
Faculty of Science, Hadhramout University of Sci. and Tech.,
Hadhramout, Yemen}
\email{ebtsamsam@yahoo.com}


\thanks{Submitted June 14, 2011. Published December 14, 2011.}
\subjclass[2000]{34B10, 26A33}
\keywords{Fractional calculus; Cauchy problem; nonlocal condition;
 \hfill\break\indent integral condition;
 functional differential equation; integral equation;
 deviated argument}

\begin{abstract}
 In this article, we prove the existence of positive
 nondecreasing solutions for a multi-term fractional-order
 functional differential equations.
 We consider Cauchy boundary problems with: nonlocal conditions,
 two-point boundary conditions, integral conditions, and
 deviated arguments.
\end{abstract}

\maketitle
\numberwithin{equation}{section}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\allowdisplaybreaks

\section{Introduction}

Problems with non-local conditions have been extensively studied
by several authors in the previous two decades; see
for example \cite{B1}-\cite{b1}, \cite{e1}-\cite{N}
and references therein.
In this work we study the existence of nondecreasing
solutions for the fractional differential equation
\begin{equation}\label{eq1.1}
x'(t)=f(t, D^{{\alpha}_1}x(m_1(t)), D^{{\alpha}_2}x(m_2t)), \dots,
D^{{\alpha}_n}x(m_n(t))),\quad
{\alpha}_{i}\in(0, 1),
\end{equation}
a.e. $t\in(0, 1)$, with the nonlocal condition
\begin{equation}\label{eq1.2}
  \sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k x(\tau_k)
=\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j x(\eta_j),
\end{equation}
where $ a_k,  b_j>0$, $\tau_k\in(a,c)$,  $\eta_j\in(d,b)$,
$0<a<c \leq d<b<1$,
$\sum_{k=1}^{m}a_k \neq \beta  \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j $ and $ \beta$
is parameter.

As applications, we prove the existence of at least one
nondecreasing solution for the Cauchy problem of \eqref{eq1.1}
with the nonlocal integral condition
\begin{equation}\label{00}
\int_{a}^{c} x(s) d\phi(s)= \beta \int_{d}^{b} x(s) d\psi(s),
\quad 0 < a < c \leq d < b < 1,
\end{equation}
where  $ \phi$ and $ \psi $ are nondecreasing functions.
Also we prove the existence of at least one positive nondecreasing
solution for the Cauchy problems of \eqref{eq1.1}
with the nonlocal condition
\begin{equation}\label{0}
\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_kx(\tau_k)=0,   \tau_k\in (a,c)\subset (0,1),
\end{equation}
and with the integral condition
\begin{equation}\label{000}
\int_{a}^{c} x(s) d\phi(s)=0,   (a,c)\subset (0,1).
\end{equation}
As another applicatin, we problems with deviated arguments
$m_i(t)\leq t$, $i=1,2\dots n$).

\section{Preliminaries}

Let $ L^1=L^1(I) $ denote the class of Lebesgue integrable functions
on the interval $ I=[0,1] $ and $ \Gamma(\cdot) $ denote the usual gamma
function.

\begin{definition} \label{def2.1} \rm
 The fractional-order integral of the function $f\in L^1[a,b]$, of
order $\beta > 0$, is defined by (see  \cite{P2})
\[
I_a^\beta f(t)=\int_a^t \frac{(t - s)^{\beta - 1}}{\Gamma(\beta)} f(s)
\,ds.
\]
The Caputo fractional-order derivative of $f(t)$ of order
$\alpha \in (0,1]$ is defined as (see \cite{P1,P2})
\[
D_a^\alpha f(t)=I_a^{1-\alpha} \frac{d}{dt}  f(t)
=\int_a^t \frac{ (t - s)^{- \alpha}}{\Gamma(1 - \alpha)}
 \frac{d}{ds}f(s)\,ds.
\]
\end{definition}

\begin{theorem}[Schauder fixed point theorem \cite{KD}] \label{thm2.1}
Let $E$ be a Banach space and $Q$ be a convex subset of
$E$, and $T:Q\to Q$ is compact, continuous map, Then $T$ has
at least one fixed point in $Q$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem}[Kolmogorov compactness criterion \cite{JD}]
 \label{thm2.2}
Let $\Omega \subseteq L^p [0,1]$, $1 \leq p < \infty$. If
\begin{itemize}
\item[(i)] $\Omega$ is bounded in $L^p [0,1]$, and
\item[(ii)] $u_h \to u$ as $h \to 0$ uniformly with respect to
$u \in \Omega$,
\end{itemize}
then $\Omega$ is relatively compact in $L^p [0,1]$,
where
\[
u_h(t)=\frac{1}{h} \int_t^{t+h} u(s)\,ds.
\]
\end{theorem}

\section{Main results}

We consider firstly the fractional-order functional integral equation
\begin{equation}\label{eq3.1}
y(t)=f(t, I^{1-{\alpha}_1}m_1'(t)y(m_1(t)),\dots,
I^{1-{\alpha}_n}m_n'(t)y(m_n(t))).
\end{equation}
A function $ y $ is called a  solution of the fractional-order
functional integral equation \eqref{eq3.1} if
$y\in L^{1}[0,1]$ and satisfies \eqref{eq3.1}.

In this article, we use the following assumption:
\begin{itemize}
\item[(i)] $f:[0,1]\times R_{+}^{n}\to R_+ $ is a function with
 the following properties:
\begin{itemize}
\item[(a)] for each $t \in [0,1],  f(t,.)$ is continuous,
\item[(b)] for each $x \in R_{+}^{n},  f(.,x)$ is measurable;
\end{itemize}

\item[(ii)] there exists an integral function $ a\in L^1[0,1]$
 and constants $q_{i}>0$, $i=1, 2$, such that
\[
|f(t,x)| \leq a(t) + \sum_{i=1}^{n}q_{i} |x_{i}|,  \text{for each }
  t\in[0,1],  x\in R_n;
\]

\item[(iii)] $ m_i: [0,1] \to [0,1] $ are absolutely continuous functions;

\item[(iv)]
\[
 \sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{q_{i}}{\Gamma(2-\alpha_{i})} < 1.
\]
\end{itemize}

\begin{theorem} \label{thm3.1}
Assume {\rm (i)-(iv)}. Then \eqref{eq3.1} has at least one
positive solution $ y\in L^{1}[0,1]$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof} Define the operator $ T $ associated with \eqref{eq3.1}
 by
\[
Ty(t)=f(t, I^{1-{\alpha}_1}m_1'(t)y(m_1(t)),\dots,
I^{1-{\alpha}_n}m_n'(t)y(m_n(t))).
\]
Let $B^+_{r}=\{ y\in R^+: \|y\|_{L^1} \leq r \}\subset L^1$,
\[
r=\frac{\|a\|}{1 - \sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{q_{i}}{\Gamma(2-\alpha_{i})}}.
\]
Let $ y $ be an arbitrary element in $B^+_{r}$. Then from the
assumptions (i) and (ii), we obtain
\begin{align*}
\|Ty\|_{L_1}
&= \int_0^1 |Ty(t)| dt\\
&= \int_0^1 |f(t, I^{1-{\alpha}_1}m_1'(t)y(m_1(t)),\dots,
 I^{1-{\alpha}_n}m_n'(t)y(m_n(t)))|dt\\
&\leq \int_0^1|a(t)|dt + \sum_{i=1}^{n}q_{i}
 \int_0^1\int_0^t\frac{(t-s)^{-\alpha_{i}}}{\Gamma(1-\alpha_{i})}
 |y(m_i(s))| dm_i(s) dt\\
&\leq \|a\|_{L^1} + \sum_{i=1}^{n}q_{i}\int_0^1
 \Big( \int_s^1\frac{(t-s)^{-\alpha_{i}}}{\Gamma(1-\alpha_{i})}dt\Big)
  |y(m_i(s))| dm_i(s)\\
&\leq \|a\|_{L^1} + \sum_{i=1}^{n}q_{i}\int_{m_i(0)}^{m_i(1)}
 \frac{1}{\Gamma(2-\alpha_{i})}|y(m_i(s))| dm_i(s)\\
&\leq \|a\|_{L^1} + \sum_{i=1}^{n}q_{i}\int_0^1
 \frac{1}{\Gamma(2-\alpha_{i})}|y(u)| du\\
&\leq \|a\|_{L^1}+ \sum_{i=1}^{n}
 \frac{q_{i}}{\Gamma(2-\alpha_{i})}\|y\|_{L_1}\leq r,
\end{align*}
which implies that the operator $T$ maps $B^+_{r}$ into itself.

Assumption (i) implies that $T$ is continuous.
Now, we will show that $T$ is compact.
Let $\Omega$ be a bounded subset of
$ B^+_r$. Then $T(\Omega)$ is bounded in $L^1[0,1]$;  i.e., condition
(i) of Theorem \ref{thm2.2} is satisfied. It remains to show that
$(Ty)_h \to Ty$ in $L^1[0,1]$ as $h \to 0$,
uniformly with respect to $Ty \in T  \Omega$. Now
\begin{align*}
&\|(Ty)_h-Ty\|_{L^1}\\
&=\int_0^1|(Ty)_h(t)-(Ty)(t)| dt\\
&= \int_0^1 \big|\frac{1}{h} \int_t^{t+h} (Ty)(s)\,ds - (Ty)(t)\big| dt\\
&= \int_0^1 \Big(\frac{1}{h} \int_t^{t+h} |(Ty)(s) -(Ty)(t)|\,ds\Big) dt\\
&\leq \int_0^1\frac{1}{h}\int_t^{t+h}
 \Big|f(s, I^{1-{\alpha}_1}m_1'(s)y(m_1(s)),\dots,
 I^{1-{\alpha}_n}m_n'(s)y(m_n(s)))\\
 &\quad - f(t, I^{1-{\alpha}_1}m_1'(t)y(m_1(t)),\dots,
 I^{1-{\alpha}_n}m_n'(t)y(m_n(t)))\Big| \,ds\, dt.
\end{align*}
Now, by assumption (ii), $ y\in \Omega $ implies
 $ f\in L^1[0,1]$; then
\[
\frac{1}{h}\int_t^{t+h}
\big|f(s, I^{1-{\alpha}_1}m_1'(s)y(m_1(s)),\dots)
 - f(t, I^{1-{\alpha}_1}m_1'(t)y(m_1(t)),\dots)\big| \,ds\,dt
\to 0.
\]
Therefore, by Theorem \ref{thm2.2},  $T(\Omega)$ is
relatively compact; that is, $T$ is  compact,
then the operator $T$ has a fixed point in $ B^+_{r}$,
which proves the existence of positive solution
$y\in  B^+_r \subset  L^1[0,1]$ of equation \eqref{eq3.1}.
\end{proof}

Let $ AC[0,1] $ be the class of absolutely continuous functions
defined on $ [0,1]$. For the existence of solution for the nonlocal
problem \eqref{eq1.1}-\eqref{eq1.2}, we have the following
result.

\begin{theorem} \label{thm3.2}
Under the assumptions of Theorem \ref{thm3.1}, problem
 \eqref{eq1.1}-\eqref{eq1.2} has at least one solution
$x \in AC[0,1]$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
%Consider the differential equation \eqref{eq1.1}.
Let $ y(t)=x'(t)$, then
\begin{gather}\label{eq5}
x(t)=x(0) + Iy(t), \\
x'(m_i(t))=m_i'(t) y(m_i(t)),
\end{gather}
and $ y $ is the solution of the fractional-order functional
integral equation \eqref{eq3.1}.
Let $t=\tau_k$ in equation \eqref{eq5}. We obtain
\begin{gather*}
x(\tau_k)=\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds+x(0), \\
\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_kx(\tau_k)=\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds
+x(0)\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k.
\end{gather*}
Let $t=\eta_j$ in equation \eqref{eq5}. We obtain
\begin{gather*}
x(\eta_j)=\int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds+x(0),\\
\sum_{j=1}^{p} b_jx(\eta_j)
 =\sum_{j=1}^{p} b{j}\int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds
 +x(0)\sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j.
\end{gather*}
From \eqref{eq1.2}, we obtain
\[
\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds+x(0)\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k=\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j
\int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds+x(0)\beta\sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j.
\]
Then
\begin{gather*}
x(0)=A \Big(\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds
-\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j\int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds\Big),\\
A=(\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p}b_j-\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k)^{-1}, \\
\end{gather*}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq6}
x(t) =A \Big(\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds
 -\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j
\int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds\Big)+ \int_0^{t}y(s)\,ds,
\end{equation}
which, by Theorem \ref{thm3.1}, has  at least one solution $ x \in AC(0,1)$.

Now, from equation \eqref{eq6}, we have
\[
x(0)=\lim_{t\to 0^{+}}x(t)
=A \sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds-A\beta
\sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j\int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds
\]
and
\[
x(1)=\lim_{t\to 1^{-}}x(t)=A \sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds
- A\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j\int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds
 + \int_0^{1}y(s)\,ds,
\]
from which we deduce that  \eqref{eq6} has at least one solution
$ x \in AC[0,1]$.

Next we differentiate \eqref{eq6}, to obtain
\begin{gather*}
\frac{dx}{dt}=y(t),\\
D^{{\alpha}_{i}}x(m_i(t))=I^{1-{\alpha}_{i}}
 \frac{d}{dt}x(m_i(t))=I^{1-{\alpha}_{i}}m_i'(t)y(m_i(t)),\\
 x'(t)=f(t, D^{{\alpha}_1}x(t), D^{{\alpha}_2}x(t),
\dots, D^{{\alpha}_n}x(t)).
\end{gather*}
By direct calculation, we can prove that  \eqref{eq6} satisfies
the nonlocal condition \eqref{eq1.2}. This  completes the proof.
\end{proof}

From the above theorem we have the following corollaries.

\begin{corollary} \label{coro3.1}
Under the assumptions of Theorem \ref{thm3.1}, the solution of
\eqref{eq1.1}-\eqref{eq1.2} is nondecreasing.
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof}
 Let $ t_1, t_2 \in (0,1) $ and $ t_1 < t_2, $ then from
 \eqref{eq6} we have
\begin{align*}
x(t_1)
&=A \Big(\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s) \,ds
 -\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j \int_0^{\eta_j} y(s) \,ds\Big)
 + \int_0^{t_1}y(s) \,ds\\
& \leq A \Big(\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds
-\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} b_j \int_0^{\eta_j} y(s)\,ds\Big)
+ \int_0^{t_2}y(s)\,ds\\
&=x(t_2)
\end{align*}
and the solution of the nonlocal problem \eqref{eq1.1}-\eqref{eq1.2}
is nondecreasing.
\end{proof}

\begin{corollary} \label{coro3.2 }
Under the assumptions of Theorem \ref{thm3.1}, problem \eqref{eq1.1}
with the nonlocal condition
\begin{equation}\label{n1}
\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_kx(\tau_k)=0, \quad \tau_k\in (a,c)\subset (0,1).
\end{equation}
has at least one nondecreasing  solution $ x \in AC[0,1] $,
represented by
\begin{equation}\label{beta=0}
x(t)=  \int_0^{t}y(s)\,ds
 - A^* \sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds, \quad
   A^* =(\sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k)^{-1}.
\end{equation}
This solution is positive in the interval $[c,1]$.
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof}
Letting $ \beta =0$ in \eqref{eq1.2} and \eqref{eq6},
then from Theorem \ref{thm3.2} we deduce that the nonlocal problem
\eqref{eq1.1} and \eqref{n1} has at least one nondecreasing solution
given by \eqref{beta=0}.
Let $ t\in [c,1]$, then $\tau_k < t $ and
\[
A^* \sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{\tau_k} y(s)\,ds
\leq  A^* \sum_{k=1}^{m} a_k\int_0^{t} y(s)\,ds
=\int_0^{t} y(s)\,ds,
\]
which proves that the solution \eqref{beta=0} is positive
in $[c,1]$.
\end{proof}

\begin{corollary} \label{coro3.3}
 Under the assumptions of Theorem \ref{thm3.1}, the two point problem
\begin{gather*}
 x'(t)=f(t, D^{{\alpha}_1}x(m_1(t)), D^{{\alpha}_2}x(m_2(t)),
\dots, D^{{\alpha}_n}x(m_n(t))),
 {\alpha}_{i}\in(0, 1),\\
 \text{a.e.} t\in(0, 1),\\
x(\tau)=\beta  x(\eta), \quad \tau, \eta \in (a,c)\subset (0,1).
\end{gather*}
has at least one nondecreasing solution $ x \in AC[0,1] $ represented by
\begin{equation}\label{eq}
x(t) =A (\int_0^{\tau} y(s)\,ds-\beta \int_0^{\eta} y(s)\,ds)+ \int_0^{t}y(s)\,ds,
A=(\beta -1)^{-1}.
\end{equation}
This solution is positive in the interval $ [c,1]$.
\end{corollary}

\section{Integral condition}

Let$ x \in AC[0,1] $ be the solution of the nonlocal problem
\eqref{eq1.1}-\eqref{eq1.2}.
Let$ a_k=\phi(\tau_k)- \phi(\tau_{k-1})$,
$t_k\in (\tau_{k-1}, \tau_k)$,
$a=\tau_0 < \tau_1 < \tau_2,\dots < \tau_m=c  $ and
$  b_j=\psi(\eta_j)-\psi(\eta_{j-1})$,
$t_j\in (\eta_{j-1}, \eta_j)$, $d=\eta_0 < \eta_1 < \eta_2,\dots
< \eta_{p}=b $
then the nonlocal condition \eqref{eq1.2} will be
\[
\sum_{k=1}^{m} (\phi(\tau_k) - \phi(\tau_{k-1})) x(t_k)
=\beta \sum_{j=1}^{p} (\psi(\eta_j) - \psi(\eta_{j-1})) x(t_j).
\]
From the continuity of the solution $ x $ of  \eqref{eq1.1}-\eqref{eq1.2}
 we can obtain
\[
\lim_{m\to\infty}\sum_{k=1}^{m} (\phi(\tau_k)
- \phi(\tau_{k-1})) x(t_k)
= \beta\lim_{p\to\infty}\sum_{j=1}^{p} (\psi(\eta_j)
- \psi(\eta_{j-1})) x(t_j).
\]
and the nonlocal condition \eqref{eq1.2} transformed to the
integral condition
\begin{equation}\label{eqm}
\int_{a}^{c} x(s) d\phi(s)=\beta \int_{d}^{b} x(s) d\psi(s).
\end{equation}
Also from the continuity of the function $ Iy(t)$, where
$ y$ is the solution of \eqref{eq3.1}, we deduce that the
solution \eqref{eq6} will be
\begin{align*}
x(t)&=(\beta (b-d)-(c-a))^{-1} \Big(\int_{a}^{c}\int_0^s  y(\theta)
\,d\phi(\theta)\,ds
-\beta\int_{d}^{b}\int_0^s  y(\theta) d\psi(\theta)\,ds \Big)\\
&\quad + \int_0^{t}y(s)\,ds.
\end{align*}

\begin{theorem} \label{thm4.1}
Under the assumptions  of Theorem \ref{thm3.2},  there exists at least
one nondecreasing solution $ x\in AC[0,1] $ of the nonlocal problem
with integral condition,
\begin{gather*}
x'(t)=f(t, D^{{\alpha}_1}x(m_1(t)), D^{{\alpha}_2}x(m_2(t)),
 \dots, D^{{\alpha}_n}x(m_n(t))),
{\alpha}_{i}\in(0, 1), \\
 \text{a.e.} t\in(0, 1),\\
\int_{a}^{c} x(s)\,ds=\beta\int_{d}^{b} y(s)\,ds , \quad
\beta (b-d)\neq(c-a).
\end{gather*}
\end{theorem}

Letting $ \beta=0 $ in \eqref{eqm}, the we  can easily prove
the following corollary.

\begin{corollary} \label{coro4.1}
Under the assumptions of Theorem \ref{thm3.2}, the nonlocal problem
\begin{gather*}
x'(t)=f(t, D^{{\alpha}_1}x(m_1(t)), D^{{\alpha}_2}x(m_2(t)), \dots,
 D^{{\alpha}_n}x(m_n(t))),\\
{\alpha}_{i}\in(0, 1),\;  \text{a.e.} t\in(0, 1),\\
\int_a^c x(s)\,ds=0, \quad  (a,c) \subset (0,1)
\end{gather*}
has at least one nondecreasing solution $ x\in AC[0,1] $
represented by
\[
x(t)=\int_0^{t}y(s)\,ds-(c-a)^{-1}
 \int_a^c\int_0^s  y(\theta) d\theta\,ds.
\]
This solution is positive in the interval $ [c,1]$.
\end{corollary}

\section{Equations with deviated arguments}

As a first example, let $ m_i(t)=\beta_i t$,
$\beta_i \in (0,1)$, then $ m_i: [0,1]\to [0,1] $ is absolutely
continuous deviated functions and all our results here can be
applied to the  multi-term fractional-order functional
differential equation with deviated arguments
\begin{equation}
x'(t)=f(t, D^{{\alpha}_1}x(\beta_1 t), D^{{\alpha}_2}x(\beta_2 t),
\dots, D^{{\alpha}_n}x(\beta_n t)),
{\alpha}_{i}\in(0, 1), \quad \text{a.e. } t\in(0, 1).
\end{equation}

As a second example, let $ m_i(t)= t^{\gamma_i}$,
$ \gamma_i \geq 1$, then $ m_i: [0,1]\to [0,1] $ is absolutely
continuous deviated functions and all our results here can be
 applied to the  multi-term fractional-order functional
differential equation with deviated arguments
\begin{equation}
x'(t)=f(t, D^{{\alpha}_1}x(t^{\gamma_1}), D^{{\alpha}_2}
x(t^{\gamma_2}), \dots, D^{{\alpha}_n}x(t^{\gamma_n})),
{\alpha}_{i}\in(0, 1), \quad \text{a.e. } t\in(0, 1).
\end{equation}


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